Bava Metzia 103

Chapter 103

א שמונה פונדיונות שני פונדיונים לדינר
1 EIGHT PUNDIONS, WHICH IS TWO PUNDIONS PER <i>DENAR</i>.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., 1/6; thus R. Simeon assimilates this to overreaching in general. ');"><sup>1</sup></span> UNTIL WHAT TIME IS HE [THE DEFRAUDED PARTY] PERMITTED<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' V. P. 295, n. 11. ');"><sup>2</sup></span>
ב עד מתי מותר להחזיר בכרכים עד כדי שיראה לשולחני בכפרים עד ערבי שבתות אם היה מכירה אפי' לאחר שנים עשר חדש מקבלה הימנו ואין לו עליו אלא תרעומת
2 TO RETRACT? IN TOWNS, UNTIL HE CAN SHEW [THE COINS] TO A MONEY-CHANGER; IN VILLAGES,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which contain no money-changers. ');"><sup>3</sup></span> UNTIL [THE FOLLOWING] SABBATH EVE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When he goes shopping for the Sabbath, and so learns their value. ');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ג ונותנה למעשר שני ואינו חושש שאינו אלא נפש רעה:
3 IF HE RECOGNISED IT, HE MUST ACCEPT IT BACK FROM HIM EVEN AFTER A TWELVE MONTH; AND HE HAS NOTHING BUT RESENTMENT AGAINST HIM.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is discussed in the Gemara. ');"><sup>5</sup></span> AND ONE MAY REDEEM<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'give it for'. ');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ד <big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> ורמינהי עד כמה תהא הסלע חסירה ויהיה בה אונאה
4 THE SECOND TITHE THEREWITH AND HAVE NO FEAR,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Of invalid redemption. ');"><sup>7</sup></span> BECAUSE IT IS MERE CHURLISHNESS.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To refuse a coin as unfit on account of a slight depreciation. ');"><sup>8</sup></span>
ה אמר רב פפא לא קשיא תנא דידן קא חשיב ממטה למעלה תנא ברא קא חשיב מלמעלה למטה
5 <b><i>GEMARA</i></b>. Now, the following is opposed [to the Mishnah]: To what extent is the <i>sela'</i> to be deficient to involve overreaching?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' And the Baraitha then gives the same figures as in the Mishnah, which shews that these cases do constitute overreaching. ');"><sup>9</sup></span> — Said R. Papa. There is no difficulty: Our Tanna reckons in an ascending fashion,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Thus the Mishnah states, How far can it go on increasing its deficiency without involving overreaching? Until four issars etc., but when that point is reached, overreaching is involved. Whilst the Baraitha means, How far can the deficiency of a sela' go on decreasing and still involve overreaching? Until four issars etc. Hence, in the Mishnah 'until' is exclusive, whereas in the Baraitha it is inclusive. ');"><sup>10</sup></span>
ו מאי שנא בסלע דפליגי ומאי שנא בטלית דלא פליגי
6 whilst the Tanna of the Baraitha reckons in a descending fashion.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Lit., 'from bottom to top.' ');"><sup>11</sup></span> Wherein do a <i>sela'</i> and a garment differ, that there is a dispute on the former but not the latter?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In the case of goods, here expressed by 'a garment', all agree (with the exception of R. Tarfon) that one-sixth constitutes overreaching, whereas the percentage for money is disputed. ');"><sup>12</sup></span>
ז אמר רבא מאן תנא טלית ר"ש היא אביי אמר טלית עד שתות מחיל איניש דאמרי אינשי עשיק לגביך ושוי לכרסיך סלע כיון דלא סגי ליה לא מחיל
7 — Said Raba: Which Tanna is the authority for [one-sixth in the case of] a garment? R. Simeon.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Who gives one-sixth for money too. Though the Mishnah on 49b states one-sixth as a general opinion, it is actually only R. Simeon's view. ');"><sup>13</sup></span> Abaye said: In the case of a garment, one forgives [overreaching] up to a sixth, because people say, 'overpay for your back, but [give] only the exact worth for your stomach.'<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If one needs a garment, he should even overpay for it, clothing being virtually necessary to uphold one's dignity. For food, however, one should not pay more than its worth. ');"><sup>14</sup></span>
ח גופא עד כמה תהא הסלע חסירה ויהא בה אונאה ר"מ אומר ארבעה איסרות איסר לדינר ר' יהודה אומר ד' פונדיונות פונדיון לדינר ר"ש אומר שמונה פונדיונות שני פונדיון לדינר יתר על כן מוכרה בשויה
8 But as for a <i>sela'</i>, since it does not [readily] circulate,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' When it becomes very deficient — the exact percentage of deficiency needed to impede circulation is disputed in the Mishnah. ');"><sup>15</sup></span> one does not forgive [a deficiency].
ט עד כמה תיפחת ויהא רשאי לקיימה בסלע עד שקל בדינר עד רובע פחות מכן איסר אסור (להוציאה) הרי זה לא ימכרנה לא לתגר ולא לחרם ולא להרג מפני שמרמין בה את אחרים אלא יקבנה ויתלנה בצואר בנו או בצואר בתו
9 [To turn] to the main text: To what extent is the <i>sela'</i> to be deficient to involve overreaching? R. Meir said, Four <i>issars</i>, which is one issur per <i>denar</i>; R. Judah said: Four pundions, which is one pundion per <i>denar</i>; R. Simeon said: Eight pundions, which is two pundions per <i>denar</i>. Above that, it may be sold at its [intrinsic] worth — By how much may it depreciate that it shall still be permissible to keep it? In the case of a <i>sela'</i>, [it can depreciate] as far as a <i>shekel</i>;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A shekel is half a sela'. Now, as the sela' depreciates, there is no fear that it may be passed off as a full sela', because its decreased thickness is obvious. But when it is reduced to less than a shekel, there is the danger that it may be passed off as a shekel, the extent of the depreciation not being so noticeable in view of the larger size in width which it would still retain as a depreciated sela', and which would appear to compensate for its reduction in thickness. (The size of the sela' was larger than that of the shekel, both in width and thickness.) Therefore it may not be kept at all. The Baraitha states further on what is to be done with it. ');"><sup>16</sup></span> in the case of a <i>denar</i>, as far as a quarter.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A quarter denar was a separate coin, and the depreciated denar might likewise be passed off as a quarter. ');"><sup>17</sup></span>
י אמר מר בסלע עד שקל בדינר עד רובע מאי שנא בסלע עד שקל ומאי שנא בדינר עד רובע
10 If it is an <i>issar</i> less, it is forbidden.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' This is discussed infra. ');"><sup>18</sup></span> One may not sell it to a merchant, highwayman, or murderer,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' A robber who is prepared to commit murder. ');"><sup>19</sup></span>
יא אמר אביי מאי רובע דקתני נמי רובע שקל אמר רבא דיקא נמי דקא תני רובע ולא קתני רביע ש"מ
11 because they cheat others with it, but should pierce and suspend it around the neck of his son or daughter.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Tosef. B. M. III. ');"><sup>20</sup></span> The Master said: 'In the case of a <i>sela'</i>, as far as a <i>shekel</i>; in the case of a <i>denar</i>, as far as a quarter.' Wherein does a <i>sela'</i> differ from a <i>denar</i>, that [the permitted deficiency of] a <i>sela'</i> is [only] as far as a <i>shekel</i> [i.e., half its value], whereas [that of] a <i>denar</i> is 'as far as a quarter? — Said Abaye: What is meant by 'a quarter?' A quarter <i>shekel</i>.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Which is half a denar. ');"><sup>21</sup></span>
יב למה ליה למתלייה לדינר בשקל מלתא אגב אורחיה קמ"ל דאיכא דינר דאתי משקל
12 Said Raba: This may be proved too, since he [the Tanna] teaches. 'as far as a quarter',<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H], the specific name of a coin, value a quarter shekel. ');"><sup>22</sup></span> and not a fourth part;<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' [H] ');"><sup>23</sup></span>
יג מסייע ליה לר' אמי דא"ר אמי דינר הבא משקל מותר לקיימו דינר הבא מסלע אסור לקיימו:
13 this proves it. But why should the <i>denar</i> be correlated to the <i>shekel</i>?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' In speaking of a denar, why not say half a denar instead of a quarter of a shekel? ');"><sup>24</sup></span> — He [the Tanna] thereby incidentally informs us that there is a kind of <i>denar</i> which is derived from a <i>shekel</i>.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., if the shekel becomes deficient to half its value, it is legal tender for a denar. ');"><sup>25</sup></span>
יד פחות מכן איסר אסור (להוציא'): מאי קאמר אמר אביי הכי קאמר פחתה סלע יותר מכדי אונאה איסר אסור אמר ליה רבא אי הכי אפילו משהו נמי אלא אמר רבא פחתה סלע איסר לדינר אסור וסתמא כר"מ
14 This supports R. Ammi. For R. Ammi said: A <i>denar</i> which is derived from a <i>shekel</i> may be kept; from a <i>sela'</i>, it may not be kept.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Because owing to its large size it may be passed off as a shekel. ');"><sup>26</sup></span> 'If it is an <i>issar</i> less, it is forbidden.' What does this mean? — Abaye said, It means this: if the <i>sela'</i> depreciated by an <i>issar</i> more than the standard for overreaching,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' According to the respective opinions stated in the Mishnah. ');"><sup>27</sup></span>
טו תנן התם סלע שנפסלה והתקינה שיהא שוקל בה משקלות טמאה עד כמה תיפחת ויהא רשאי לקיימה לסלע שני דינרים פחות מכן יקוץ
15 it may not be [expended].<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As a sela'. ');"><sup>28</sup></span> Raba demurred: If so, even [if the depreciation exceeds it but] slightly, it is likewise so!<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Since the limit of overreaching is passed, no matter by how little, it may surely not be offered as a full weight sela'. ');"><sup>29</sup></span>
טז יתר על כן מאי אמר רב הונא פחות מכן יקוץ יתר על כן יקוץ רבי אמי אמר פחות מכן יקוץ יתר על כן יקיים
16 But, said Raba, if the <i>sela'</i> depreciated an <i>issar</i> to the <i>denar</i>, it is forbidden [to offer it as a <i>sela'</i>], this anonymous ruling agreeing with R. Meir. We learnt elsewhere: If a <i>sela'</i> became unfit,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' To be used as such, owing to its depreciation. ');"><sup>30</sup></span>
יז מיתיבי
17 and it was prepared<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' By mutilation, so that it could not pass as an ordinary coin. ');"><sup>31</sup></span> for use as a weight, it is [liable to become] unclean.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As a coin, it is not subject to uncleanliness; but when employed as a weight, it is regarded as any other article of use, which is liable to become unclean. ');"><sup>32</sup></span> How much may it depreciate that it shall still be permissible to keep it? In the case of a <i>sela'</i>, up to two <i>denarii</i>.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' =a shekel, as stated above. ');"><sup>33</sup></span> [When it is worth] less than this, it must be cut up.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' As it might be passed off as a shekel, Kel. XII, 7. ');"><sup>34</sup></span> What if [it is worth] more than this? R. Huna said: if worth less, it must be cut up, and if worth more than this, it must [also] be cut up.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., once it depreciates so much that overreaching is involved, even if its value exceeds a shekel, it must be mutilated, so that it shall not be offered as a sela'. ');"><sup>35</sup></span> R. Ammi said: If worth less, it must be cut up; but if worth more than this, it may be kept [as it is]. An objection is raised: